Good Friends in Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck Essay

Good friendships make life easier. Of Mice and Men, by John Steinbeck, is about two men, George and Lennie, who go on various journeys in order to get a job. Although George would consider Lennie to be his closest friend, he ultimately ends up shooting and killing Lennie. George did this, not out of hatred, but rather out of protection. A good friend will always want what is best for one another. Steinbeck uses his protagonists’ friendship in order to show that true friendship can help make any of life’s hardships less difficult. Strong friendships have the power to make people’s lives better. George and Lennie travel together and eventually live together, resulting in a strong bond between them. George cares for Lennie and he makes sure†¦show more content†¦Lennie remains optimistic through his disabilities by staying confident and knowing that if he can reach his goals, George can as well. When George needs something, Lennie is there for him because he knows they have a special bond. Lennie also needs good advice from George because, without it, he is incapable of making the right decisions for his future. George and Lennie’s bond for each other is very strong, â€Å"Together, they form a family unit† (Siegel).George and Lennie demonstrate how they try to achieve their goals by working together. Ultimately, George and Lennie’s complement each other well, providing their opposite strengths in situations in order to help them lead a better life. A good friendship is needed to survive through tough times. Lennie respects George because George gives him comfort. George cares for Lennie so much that he considers him to be part of his family: â€Å"George said, he’s my cousin. I told his old lady id take care of him. He got kicked in the head by a horse when he was a kid† (Steinbeck 22). Aside from comfort and advice, Lennie also needs George because when he gets in trouble, George always manages to find a way to help him get out of it. When Lennie had got in trouble in Weed, George stays by his side and gives him advice that helps remain safe and calm. George has many opportunities to leave Lennie and change his lifestyle, but he needs Lennie just as much in order to help him through his own hardships. Lennie looksShow MoreRelatedLennie and George in John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men Essay1010 Words   |  5 Pages John Steinbeck wrote the play Of Mice and Men in 1937 (Steinbeck). It is a play about two ranch workers who do not have the best of luck. The two workers were named George and Lennie. George was a more small bodied man. His partner Lennie was a giant among average sized people. They are on the road going place to place working numerous jobs. Lennie has a learning disability. The two work hand and hand. George is there to keep Lennie out of trouble. Lennie in a way helps keep George together. SometimesRead More John Steinbeck Essay1174 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Steinbeck A novelist is someone who writes novels, or writes a fancy work of fiction which often has a complicated plot, many major and minor characters, a significant theme, and several varied settings. A novelist will use literary devices such as characterization, tone, symbolism, imagery, and figurative language. John Steinbeck, an American novelist, uses many literary devices such as metaphors, similes, imagery, and figurative language along with excellent descriptive words to developRead MoreAmerica Is Home To Many Great Writers Whom Come Different1709 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica is home to many great writers whom come different backgrounds. American authors like John Steinbeck who add biographical elements into their pieces of writing. 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ThereRead MoreEssay about Analysis of ‘Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck 1488 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of ‘Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck ‘Of Mice And Men by John Steinbeck is a classic novel, tragedy, written in a social tone. The authorial attitude is idyllic, however, as the story develops it changes into skeptic. It is evident that Steinbeck knew the setting and places he is writing about. Read MoreCharacter Analysis Of Mice And Men910 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Steinbeck sets the scene of his novella, Of Mice and Men, in the Salinas River Valley, a few miles south of Soledad. The time period of the novella is the 1930’s during the Great Depression. The Great Depression began in 1929 after the U.S. had a major financial crisis. People lost all of their money and their homes when the stock market crashed. Many men became migrant farm workers who would travel from farm to farm, working for just enough money for food and a few belongings. John SteinbeckRead MoreNew Log : Of Mice And Men892 Words   |  4 PagesSeptember 30, 2015 New Log: Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck John Steinbeck creates an odd pair of men to assume the role of protagonist in his novel, Of Mice and Men. George, a small and quick-witted man, is the dominant personality. Lennie, his clumsy companion, is a character who displays a child-like demeanor and is often compared to an animal throughout the novel. The couple’s relationship closely resembles that which is often found between a father and son. Steinbeck later introduces Curley,Read MoreRacial Discrimination In John Steinbecks Of Mice And Men899 Words   |  4 Pageson a ranch, stuck in a loveless marriage, when all you really want is someone to talk to. What about having to kill a friend, and bury all chances of breaking free from the life of an average migrant worker? How would anybody feel? These situations in John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men illustrates two key points throughout the story; discrimination and loneliness. In Of Mice and Men, Crooks, the black stable hand, is the definition of racial discrimination. He is isolated from the community of whiteRead MoreOf Mice And Men Modernism1619 Words   |  7 Pages One of John Steinbeck’s early drafts of his most famous work, Of Mice and Men, was eaten by his dog. This did not discourage him from finishing it and going on to write more stories and novellas, becoming one of America’s most beloved authors. John Steinbeck is seen as a very important important figure of the Modernist literary period; known for his observations of human conditions during the Dust Bowl era, mainly his book Of Mice and Men which truly takes a detailed look at the Great DepressionRead MoreThe Portrayal of Society in Of Mice and Men and The Outsider Essay1430 Words   |  6 Pages World literature; self taught language Hungarian: After reading the two books for my world literature, of mice and men and the outsider I decided I will compare the two books on the topic choice; portrayal of society in the literature studied. This includes points such as: Meursault and Lenny not being accepted in society for who they are because they are different then others; another point would be there is a lot of violence within societies. The rest will be presented further on in my essay

Pilgrimage Tourism Free Essays

India being a country of the pious is dotted with sacred pilgrimage centres. Thus, pilgrimage tourism in India is extremely popular. Great religions like Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism and Sikhism have originated on the Indian soil. We will write a custom essay sample on Pilgrimage Tourism or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Hindu religion and place of worship are always unique to the rest of the world. To the outside world India is an orthodox country. The superstitions and the religious related aspects dominated the life in India. Despite this, Indian Philosophy preaches that every man should observe universal brotherhood and in order to achieve this noble objective, every true believer in God will have to visit sacred places and attend discourses of great people. Pilgrimage is recognized as widespread religious practice based on the belief that certain places are more powerful than others. Tirumala is one of the rare places in the globe where people gather in great number, from various parts of the world, irrespective of caste, creed, race, language and nationality. The temple beginnings are shrouded in great antiquity and its origins are still a matter of scholarly debate. Sangam literature, the earliest of Tamil literature (dated between 500 BC to AD 300) mentions Tirupati as Tiruvengadam which used to form the northernmost frontier of the Tamil kingdom. Tirupati was richly endowed by the kings and emperors of various dynasties. The Pallavas of Kanchipuram (9th century AD) Cholas of Tanjore (10th century), Pandyas of Madhura (14th century AD) and Vijayanagara kings (14th 15th centuries) were committed devotees of Sri Venkateswara. Annually 2. 5 Crore pilgrim have darshan of the Lord. In the 2009-10 a total of 2. 5 Crores of pilgrims have had darshan of the lord. So the TTD tying do their best to provide amenities to the pilgrims. The pilgrimage tourism in Tirumala has emerged as an instrument of income and employment generation. In this article an attempt is made to study the impact of pilgrimage tourism on Tirumala. How to cite Pilgrimage Tourism, Essay examples

Physics free essay sample

A thermometric property is a physical property that changes in a known way with temperature, and can therefore be used to measure temperature. The substance used as a thermometer must have a property that varies proportionally / linearly with temperature. [ In other words: When objects are heated or cooled, their temperatures change, along with some of their properties, these properties are known as Thermometric Properties. ] Two commonly used thermometric properties are resistance and length. 2. Water is generally used to determine the fixed point on a thermometer. The fixed points are freezing point (32oF/0oC) and boiling point (212oF/100oC). Upper fixed point is the temperature of pure water boiling at normal atmospheric pressure. Lower fixed point is the temperature of a mixture of pure ice and pure water at normal atmospheric pressure. Generally the upper and lower fixed points of a thermometer are determined with considering the freezing point and boiling point of water. In Celsius thermometer, lower fixed point is 0 ? C and upper fixed point is 100 ? C, in Fahrenheit thermometer lower fixed point is determined as 32. They need no power source. Disadvantages: If it so happens that the thermometer falls and breaks, a spill of mercury in a doctors office, school or home environment poses significant health hazards. Exposure could result in serious damage to kidneys, lungs, brain, heart and immune system. Digital Thermometers Digital thermometers use thermocouples or thermistors to sense the change in temperature and display the temperature on a digital display. There are a number of different types of digital thermometers therefore the temperature ranges vary. Advantages: Digital thermometers are easy to use. When using a digital thermometer you won’t be exposed to mercury. Disadvantages: Dead batteries are a drawback of digital thermometers. It is hard to determine how much power is left in a digital thermometers battery, which in turn makes it difficult to predict when it will die. Because they are specialized batteries, it is hard to locate replacements. And close-to-dying batteries will provide inaccurate readings. Outdoor Thermometers Outdoor thermometers are used to measure the temperature of the surrounding air. Temperature ranges from -58of/-50oc to 158of/ 70oC. Advantages: Low battery consumption. High stability and accuracy. Disadvantages: If an object is considerably close to the outdoor thermometer it can influence the actual temperature of the surrounding air. Thermocouple Thermometer A thermocouple thermometer is a device for measuring temperature consisting of a pair of wires of different metals or semiconductors joined at both ends. One junction is at the temperature to be measured, the second at a fixed temperature. The electromotive force generated depends upon the temperature difference. Temperature ranges from 200oC to 2,600oC. Advantages: It is very responsive to rapidly changing temperatures due to its low thermal capacity. The low thermal capacity is due to its low mass and metals are good conductors of electricity. As the output is an electrical impulse it can be connected to a suitable electrical equipment for checking rapid or sudden temperature changes. Disadvantages: It is extremely expensive. Generates low signal which is non-linear Must be assembled with care to avoid considerable noise levels. II. Thermal Expansion Thermal expansion is the tendency of matter to change in volume in response to a change in temperature. When a substance is heated, its particles begin moving more and thus usually maintain a greater average separation. Materials which contract with increasing temperature are rare; this effect is limited in size, and only occurs within limited temperature ranges. The degree of expansion divided by the change in temperature is called the materials coefficient of thermal expansion and generally varies with temperature. 1. Thermal Expansion of Solids Heating a solid makes it particles vibrate vigorously. As these vibrations become larger the molecules are pushed further apart and the solid expands slightly in al directions. Thermal Expansion of Liquids Like solid liquids also expand on heating. Since liquids do not have a definite shape they can have only volume expansion. Since the container containing liquid also expands with heat therefore Real Expansion = Apparent Expansion + Expansion in a liquid of liquid of Container . When a liquid is heated in a container, the container expands first and therefore the level of liquid decreases since the expansion of liquid is more than that of solid, therefore after sometime the liquid expands and its level increases. The lava lamp above illustrates the differential thermal expansion in liquids. Thermal Expansion of Gases A gas expands when heated and condenses when cooled. Charles Law predicts a four-fold decrease in the volume of a gas that is cooled from room temperature to the temperature of liquid nitrogen (77 K). If the gas inside the balloon condenses into a volatile liquid at or around 77 K, the volume change will be even larger. Removing the balloon exposes the cold balloon to higher temperatures. The resulting thermal expansion fills the balloon to its original size again. Liquid nitrogen or dry-ice/acetone is poured over a balloon. 2. Thermal Expansion Real-life applications Engine Coolant Another example of thermal expansion on the part of a liquid can be found inside the cars radiator. If the radiator is topped off with coolant on a cold day, an increase in temperature could very well cause the coolant to expand until it overflows. In the past, this produced a problem for car owners, because car engines released the excess volume of coolant onto the ground, requiring periodic replacement of the fluid. Later-model cars, however, have an overflow container to collect fluid released as a result of volume expansion. As the engine cools down again, the container returns the excess fluid to the radiator, thus, recycling it. This means that newer cars are much less prone to overheating as older cars. Combined with improvements in radiator fluid mixtures, which act as antifreeze in cold weather and coolant in hot, the recycling process has led to a significant decrease in breakdowns related to thermal expansion. Building Settlement All pipes and vessels expand and contract in direct proportion to a temperature change. Whenever pipes are routed across structural movement joints in buildings, roads, bridges etc. , they will be subjected to displacements. Expansion amp; building settlement products are installed to control this thermally induced expansion and contraction, and pipe movements caused by structural settlement. Pipe Solutions are able to offer technical advice or a full design, for any expansion or building movement problem. Expansion Joints are used to physically compensate for the movements of the pipework. They can be designed to suit almost any combination of working temperature, pressure and movement capability. 3. The Design of a Bimetallic Strip A bimetallic strip is used to convert a temperature change into mechanical displacement. The strip consists of two strips of different metals which expand at different rates as they are heated, usually steel and copper, or in some cases brass instead of copper. The strips are joined together throughout their length by riveting, brazing or welding. The different expansions force the flat strip to bend one way if heated, and in the opposite direction if cooled below its initial temperature. The metal with the higher coefficient of thermal expansion is on the outer side of the curve when the strip is heated and on the inner side when cooled. The sideways displacement of the strip is much larger than the small lengthways expansion in either of the two metals. This effect is used in a range of mechanical and electrical devices. In some applications the bimetal strip is used in the flat form. In others, it is wrapped into a coil for compactness. The greater length of the coiled version gives improved sensitivity. The operation of the bimetallic strip relies on the different expansions rates of the two metals to temperature change ( the different coefficients of thermal expansion of the metals). One of the many uses for bimetallic strips is in electrical breakers where excessive current through the strip heats it and bends it to trip the switch to interrupt the current. Bimettalic strips are also used as thermostats.

Sonnet 130 free essay sample

In this essay I am going to discuss and explore ‘Sonnet 130’ by William Shakespeare and ‘Blessing’ by Imtiaz Dharker. I will focus on the differences and similarities between both poems in terms of language, themes and poetic devices. I feel that ‘Sonnet 130’ seems to imply the fact that Shakespeare is insulting his Mistress. He does so by saying what she is not. He says negative things about her appearance and voice. The ‘Blessing’ poem is about people and children in a slum and their reaction towards water. They believe it as the ‘Voice of a kindly god’ because they hardly get any water in the slum. Water is rare to them. The poems are similar in that they are both descriptive poems. The ‘Blessing’ by Dharker describes how the people in the slum would react and feel if there was a sudden outburst of water. As I have mentioned before water is rare to them and they feel it is a gift from god. We will write a custom essay sample on Sonnet 130 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We know this because in the poem it says ‘imagine the drip of it, the small splash, echo in a tin mug, the voice of a kindly god. In this stanza he is describing how rarely they get water and how much they believe just the sound of it makes them feel like it’s the sound of a kindly god. However, in ‘Sonnet 130’ Shakespeare is describing his mistress and how awful she looks and sounds. We know this because in Sonnet ‘130’ he says ‘I have seen roses damasked, red and white, But no such roses do I see in her cheeks. ’ By this line he is stating that ‘damasked roses’, meaning large and fragrant roses, are not what his Mistress’ cheeks are like. Another example is ‘And in some perfumes there is more delight, than in the breath that from my mistress reeks’. Shakespeare is saying that in perfume there is more delight in smelling it rather than his mistress’ breath which he says reeks-foul smelling. A difference between the two poems in terms of language is that Shakespeare uses old English as he was a poet, playwright in the 16th and 17th century whereas Dharker is a more of a modern day poet. For instance ‘That music hath a far more pleasing sound’. In this line Shakespeare uses the word ‘hath’ which is the old English word for ‘has’. But Dharker uses words that are from the modern day. Another similarity between the two poems is that both poems use enjambment. In Shakespeare’s sonnet the enjambment falls between the lines ‘And in some perfumes there is more delight than in the breath that from my mistress reeks. ’ After the word ‘delight’ the rest of the sentence is on another line. Then after the word ‘reeks’ there is a fullstop where the enjambment ends. A difference between both the poems is that Dharker’s poem is a normal poem and Shakespeare’s poem is a sonnet. A sonnet is a poem with fourteen lines that has a unique rhythm called an iambic pentameter. However Dharker’s poem is a normal poem that describes people’s reaction to water in a slum. Similes are used in both these poems. A simile is when you compare one thing to another thing that is common and easy to picture in your mind. In other words a good poetic device used to create an image in your head. In ‘Blessing’ Dharker uses the simile ‘The skin cracks like a pod. ’ Dharker means that, because there is hardly ever any water in the slum the ground cracks like a pod. By using a simile he has compared the ground to something common and created an image in my head. Shakespeare uses many similes in ‘Sonnet 130’. One of many examples is ‘My mistress’ eyes are nothing like the sun’. He is saying that his mistress’ eyes aren’t shiny and beautiful like the sun in fact they are the complete opposite. Both poems also use metaphors. A metaphor is a poetic device that is used to compare two things. It does so by comparing something to something else that is literally not possible. For example in Shakespeare’s poem he says ‘Coral s far more red, than her lips. ’ Shakespeare is explaining that his mistress’ lips are nothing like the coral. He is comparing it to coral because coral is red and having red lips is good but his mistress does not have nice lips. In ‘Blessing’ a example of a metaphor is ‘naked children screaming in the liquid sun’. By the words Ã¢â‚¬Ë œliquid sun’ she means they feel as if heat is being poured over them and that’s why they have been longing for water. The theme of the poem ‘Blessing’, meaning the central idea or the main focus, is how people and children feel and react when they see water. It also focus’ on why they react this way and how they feel when water is not there and how they are praying for it and when they finally do get water, they feel as if their prayers have been answered. We know this because in the second stanza they say ‘imagine the drip of it, the small splash, echo in a tin mug, the voice of a kindly god. ’ This stanza is explaining that when they hear the sound of water they feel as if it is the sound of a kindly god. However the theme of Shakespeare’s poem is totally different to the theme of ‘Blessing’. The theme of Shakespeare poem is him insulting his Mistress and how grotesque she looks. We know this because in his sonnet all of his lines are insults. For instance, ‘If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head. ’ He says that, if wires could grow on people’s heads then that is what is growing on his Mistress’ head. Overall I think that both these poems have used a range of poetic devices. There stanzas and line are relevant to their theme. I have discovered that both poems have a number of similarities and differences between them. They both have a good use of imagery and they are easy to understand.

What It Means To Be An American †Undergraduate Admission Essay

What It Means To Be An American – Undergraduate Admission Essay Free Online Research Papers What It Means To Be An â€Å"American† Undergraduate Admission Essay Being an â€Å"American† has been a learning process for me. Unlike most students, majority of my life was spent living in Korea. Every aspect of myself, I believed to be Korean. However, compared to foreign students here at New York University, I was shocked to see that I was more American than I realized. Yet what did being â€Å"American† mean to me. Did it mean having a citizenship, having a blond hair, blue eyed look, speaking only English, being oblivious to worldly affairs†¦? During this class, I began to explore what it means to be American while searching for my own place within this context of â€Å"American-ness.† My new life began seven years ago when I arrived in New York. I was informed that we were moving only three days before our departure. It angered me that my parents made the decision without consulting me. I became apprehensive since I did not know any English. All I had learned up until this point were simple expressions and nouns, such as hello, good-bye, apple, father, mother, and the like. For the next three days before my departure, I started to focus solely on English in school, hoping it would help me to have a better grasp of English. At the same time, I thought of every possible horrifying situation that could happen to me in the United States. I anticipated my classmates mocking me for not knowing English, not having any friends and being lonely all the time, feeling disabled due to the lack of my English skills. I tried to come up with solutions to difficulties that might occur. When my parents saw me in my room depressed, they kept on emphasizing the â€Å"American dream,† and how I could be successful in 20 years, but, at the time, I thought that the dream could not come true. As a matter of fact, I began to lose my confidence in matters relating to immigrating to America. Seeing this, my relatives, cousins, friends, and teachers encouraged me to strive for success and to perceive this misfortune as an excellent opportunity. Their comments did not make me feel any better about moving to another country that did not have any similarities to my culture. I was not an adventurer who was interested in going to another country to learn foreign customs and language. In fact, I was the exact opposite of an adventurer; I loved to stay in my comfort zone, where I can easily communicate with others. After three days of near death from anxiety, I finally landed in Queens, New York. After seeing people from all over the world, and looking at different signs on the street in English I was even more frustrated, nervous, and scared. During the short break before I entered elementary school officially, I started studying English intensely so that I would not struggle as much. My first impression of elementary school in New York was very similar to what I had expected. There were boys playing football with hands and groups of girls talking to each other. When I entered my classroom, I was introduced as a boy who came from South Korea and spoke a bit of English. Surprisingly, my classmates kept silent, when I expected some kind of greeting. It was customary in Korea for the class to greet the new student in unison. Thus, I thought my classmates were uncomfortable and unhappy that I joined the class. Nevertheless, I did not really care because it was only six months away from graduation. As time passed, I became more isolated from the class. However, I created some friends who helped me with English. They were affable enough to teach me English and sit next to me during lunch, but the rest were less than friendly- they only teased and embarrassed me. When I was in school, I could participate only in math, gym, and music with my classmates, but I could not participate in classes where English was predominately used. Fortunately, I had an awesome teacher. My teacher paired me with one of my classmates’ everyday to teach me English one-on-one out in the hallway while my other classmates were learning, and this helped accelerate the process of learning English. A year later, due to several problems, my family decided to move to New Jersey, where the majority was Caucasians. This was the beginning of the second chapter in my life. When I was informed that we were moving again, I was not surprised that my parents unilaterally decided again, but once again I was afraid. My English was better than when I first arrived, but participating in class was still difficult. When I entered the building of my new school, I did not feel uncomfortable. I was already familiar with schools in America. However, the atmosphere was different. The fact that I was one of the few Asians in the school allowed me to be welcomed by my classmates and faculty. My first few days of school, compared to my old school in New York, were very different. Instead of indifference, I received the attention of the faculty and classmates, which I greatly appreciated. There were many people who desired to be my friend. Everyday people sat next to me during lunch, walked home with me, and said hello to me in the hallways. All this interest in me made me comfortable and it brought my confidence level back to where it was in Korea. When I entered high school, I started to think of the â€Å"American dream† again and I felt that it could happen to me as well. In high school, I became more outgoing. In order to become successful, I started to study harder and got involved in many sports teams, clubs, and volunteer work in school. However, I always had the disadvantage of being a foreigner. Some classmates still teased me for speaking only a bit of English. The third chapter of my life began when I came to New York University. Last year, during the brutal application process, I made my decision to go to New York University, where it was known to be very diverse. The number of Korean students, Korean international students and Asian students was one of the key factors that motivated me to choose this institution over other colleges and I was excited to join the group of international students from Korea. I have met numerous Koreans who were born in America and I always thought that we were different. Although, we looked similar, I grew up in Korea, and they grew up in America. I thought that if I associated with international students it would bring my identity back to where it was seven years ago. Through a New York University online club that was made for Korean international students’ class of 09,’ I met tons of Korean international students. After chatting with them online, I found that we shared many common interests, I became overjoyed about going to college. Although I was going to a new place, it was different than moving from Seoul to New York, or New York to New Jersey, because I already made friends and it gave me confidence. The first day when I arrived in New York University, I started to meet up with friends that I made online. I was nervous and excited to see them because I had never seen them in real life and it had been a long time since I talked to a group of Koreans who just came from Korea. When I saw them for the first time at New York University, it was very awkward. They all said â€Å"hi† to me, but they were not happy to see me. They said hi, and then they went back to whatever they were doing. It reminded me of my first day in elementary school in New York, but I did not really care. I still had a strong feeling that we could still be good friends in a couple days because we came and grew up in Korea. I figured it felt awkward because it was our first time seeing each other. As time passed by, my prediction was off the mark. In addition, they began to treat me like a foreigner. I became distinguishable in that group and I felt uncomfortable to remain within that group. Surprisingly, the very friendly people I met the first couple of days at New York University were Koreans who were born in America. Unlike the international students, they welcomed me and were very friendly. After spending seven years in America, I realized that my identity has changed. At the same time I regained the identity, which I had previously lost, again at New York University after encountering different types of Koreans. I always thought that I was a hundred percent Korean. However, I realized that I have become Americanized by my surroundings and peers. My five years in New Jersey without any Koreans in my school brought a massive change in my life. I became more comfortable with my Korean friends who were born in America than international students who just arrived in America. My friends who were born in America seem to understand me more than the international students do. Although, being an official American is determined by a United States citizenship, I consider myself an American. But what does it mean to be an American? It was more than just a simple definition. I saw that there is no accepted generalization of being American. How was it that a person like me born outside of America be American? As I went to school, I had to deal with racism. They called me ‘chink’ and sometimes told me to go back to my country, back to where I was born. Was it because I did not speak English well? Was it because I was not white? As I read books written by American authors, being American was more than just a matter of skin color. It was the ideas that shaped someone to be an American. There are many people in America that speak English differently. There are the Indian people who speak English with a different accent than Koreans. There are the people from the south who speak English differently than a person from New York. Even in New York, I saw that Brooklyn people spoke a very unique kind of English. But these people are still Americans no? In the beginning, I talked about the â€Å"American dream.† I believed that these people all came to this country for the same reason as me. The reasons being finding the opportunities that were not available back home where we came from and becoming successful through our hard work here. America was a country that was founded by Puritans who believed in the importance of hard work. These are the roots of America. When I was Korea, I was told that America was a country that worked hard, and had the best resources available to those who wanted to succeed. It was an equal country. I believe this is the real face of America most of us forget. Every time, someone told me to go back to my country, I wanted to say â€Å"I deserve to be here just as much as you.† My parents work hard, and we are not as fortunate as those who live in luxury, but I know that in the near future, this life is also possible for me. Every race, not just Koreans, experienced racism at some point in their American experience. Yet like me, they worked hard, believed that one day it would get better. They had to start somewhere and I am starting from the beginning. It is still frustrating that being an American still means being a blond hair, blue eyed person. I still feel like I don’t belong, but I know that if an American came to Korea, he would feel the same way. However, through time and perseverance, being accepted is only a matter of time. I am still Korean, but it seems as if I have assimilated into the American culture to a point where I consider myself American as well. When I first met the Korean international students, I approached them how American students approached me. I was friendly and nice, but I realized that it is hard to become friends with people who don’t share the same interests as you. These students wanted to go drink and party till 5 in the morning, but it was not something I wanted to do. These students were very inclusive and did not want to meet new people outside of race. They viewed the outsiders with suspicion and like me, in the beginning, did not want to leave their comfort zone. They didn’t feel the need to make new friends, or friends outside of their race. It was a hassle and unnecessary. Within these 7 years, I saw myself becoming an adventurer. It did not matter if a person was white or Korean, as long they were friendly and shared the same interest as me, I was able to b ecome their friends. The final chapter of this story is too early to write but I see myself becoming more American. I think this is evident in that fact that slowly I find myself thinking in English. As I become more comfortable with my command of the English language, I see myself becoming the confident Korean kid I was before, before I came here. Yet there are times when I feel there is still much Korean in me. I am scared to argue with a teacher or an elder, because in Korea, people with age are highly respected. I know that living in a country that values individualism, I became an individual and do not feel the need to hang out in a group like the international students. I am not afraid to be around new people and new environment. Instead, I do not see this as a misfortune, but an excellent opportunity to grow and learn more about myself. I didn’t believe when I came here 7 years ago that I would see myself as an American but time and effort changed me into a whole new person, an Americanized Korean. I am not a Korean American. I am an Americanized Korean. The ideas and customs of Korea are deeply rooted in my bones but all around it are American ideals. Sometimes I think it is unfortunate that when I go back to Korea, I will not be considered hundred percent Korean. However, when I think I have a place in America, that I belong here, I am proud of the progress I made and sacrifices I had to make. There are still those in America that believe that being American has something to do with skin color, but it has become my goal to prove them wrong. It is the hard work, persevering through the hardships, learning to work and live together with other races that make someone American. These are the values that America was first founded on and these are the values that I will carry on in my walk as an Americanized Korean. This is the America my parents saw when they first moved here and this is the America I see in the near future, not only for me, but for other Koreans as well. Research Papers on What It Means To Be An â€Å"American† - Undergraduate Admission EssayStandardized TestingHip-Hop is Art19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraQuebec and CanadaThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoCapital Punishment

Chapter 6 Flashcards Example for Free (#6)

Chapter 6 Cramped quarters on a ship’s lower deck for passengers paying the lowest fare person who enters and becomes established in a country other than that of his or her original nationality a tiny island in new york harbor, european passengers disembarked here a danish- born journalist. Observed in 1890 that a map of new york, â€Å"colored to designated nationalities, would show more stripes on a skin of a zebra† contributed the most to the design of the skyscraper one of new york cities most powerful party boss, defended what called, â€Å"honest graft† the thought that no matter what a persons background was, they could still become secessful A social theory which states that the level a person rises to in society and wealth is determined by their genetic background. providing money to support humanitatian or social goals A center in an underprivileged area that provides community services Belief that assimilating immigrants into American society would make them more loyal citizens Change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms. Time period after Reconstruction. Looks great on the surface, but if one scratches the surface it is very different. Term coined by Mark Twain This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy. A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation. 1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women’s Intenational League for Peace and Freedom. the political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war (plural) A general and progressive increase in prices A decrease in the general price level Organized groups that borrowed money from the government to pay for installing electrical services a method of taxation that taxes people at different rates depending on income A financial security that represents a promise to repay a fixed amount of funds Coins and paper bills used as money In 1873 the Grangers founded this. Their goals promote social gatherings/education opportunities, organize against abuse, form cooperative/women played a significant role, and wanted political pressure. This later led to the founding of the populist party. Formed in 1892, the populist party was created by farmers’ alliances. The peoples’ party supported the abolition of national banks and the government ownership of railroads. Democratic candidate for president in 1896 under the banner of â€Å"free silver coinage† which won him support of the Populist Party. republicans decided to nominate him as their candidate, governor of ohio A tax of a fixed amount per person and payable as a requirement for the right to vote Separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites putting to death a person by the illegal action of a mob Behaving differently, usually unfairly, toward the members of a group. African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcars or shop in white owned stores Believed that self help was the best plan for African Americans over half was from eastern and southern Europe 1. avaliable jobs 2.escape poverty and restrictions of social class 3. avoid forved military services (draft) 4. high food prices 5. religious percecution 6. moving to the us was cheap 7. to live under democratic government where did the passangers disembark at the end of the 14-day journey Most immigrants booked passage on _____ by 1890s immigrands mad a large population of cities such as new york, chicago, milwaukee, and detroit neighborhoods that were seperate in ethnic groups The most destructive civil war in China before the twentieth century. A Christian-inspired rural rebellion threatened to topple the Qing Empire. Leader claimed to be the brother of Jesus. why did japanese immigrate to the us the wave of immigrants brought an increase in Reasons Nativists opposed immigration 1.feared that us would become mostly catholic 2.thought took american jobs for those on strike increased feelings of nativism led to anti-immigrant orginazations, such as the APA 1. horsecars 2. cablecars 3. electric trolley 4. elevated railroads (over a bridge) 5.subway syste what was a growing problem in american cities crime, alcohol, diseas and pollution Why did political machines come about cities grew much faster than their governments they were warning others that something might appear to sparkle by the inside is probably made of cheaper material One of the strongest beliefes in the gildena age who wrote more than 100 rages to riches stories new moviment in arts and literature what played a major role in male workers what became popular in the late 1800s amusement parks, watching professional sports, playing tennis golf and croquet, and ragtime music How did Rutherford B. Hayes try to end patronage firing officials who had been given their jobs under the spoils system Serious economic depression beginning in 1893. Began due to rail road companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures. Was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point, and, some say, as bad as the Great Depression of the 1930s. How did William Mckinley win the presidential election of 1896 who became convinced americans will never excel in life becaues of the stron racism Why did Singleton urge african americans to move to the west (kansas) How did southern states make it harder for african americans to vote 1.$12 poll tax 2. require a literacy test There was an average of 197 _____ per year in 1890 and 1899 Nativism in the late 1800’s was focused on Asians, Jews, and By the 1890’s, immigrants made up a significant percentage of some of the country’s largest_____ Where did many Chinese immigrants settle? What law prevented Chinese immigrants already in the United States from becoming citizens? The processing center for the vast majority of immigrants arriving on the East Coast was at What was the famous New York Democratic political machine called? No one contributed more to the design of skyscrapers than Chicago’s America’s industrialization made some people wealthy and created a growing In response to urban congestion, Boston and New York built the first Who rose to become one of New York’s most powerful party bosses? When President Rutherford B Hayes attacked the practice of patronage, his supporters were called By calling their era the Gilded Age, Mark Twain and Charles Warner were During the presidential campaign of 1888, Benjamin Harrison received large contributions from Popular Culture changed in the late 1800’s, because industrialization improved the standard of living for many people, enabling them to spend more money on The purpose of the cooperatives was to What organization formed exchanges? In 1892, the People’s Party called for a The People’s Party was also known as the Granger laws supported the interests of Between 1890 and 1899, the majority of lynchings each year occurred in In 1886, African American farmers formed the Mississippi took the first step to prohibit African Americans from voting when it required that all citizens registering to vote To win the votes of poor whites, Democratic leaders in the South began appealing to In 1883, the Supreme Court set the stage for legalized segregation by overturning the We use cookies to give you the best experience possible. By continuing we’ll assume you’re on board with our cookie policy We will write a custom sample essay on

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 79

Assignment - Essay Example There are various procedures in which the court martial deals with cases especially those relating to criminal cases of a military officer. After an offense is committed by an officer, the case can be reported by anyone to the accused’s immediate commander as soon as possible. After one confinement, one is subjected to three types of pre-trial restrictions such as order of severity, confinement, and apprehension. The accused is then arrested or apprehended either through an order, orally or in written from by competent authority that also directs the accused to remain within certain specified limits. Service members in military, relish analogous rights secured by the statute and executive order, a military law gives the defendant, the right to counsel before a special or general court martial or an Art. 32 investigations. At the Supreme Court decision made was that there was no constitutional right to the counsel in summary courts-martial. Usually in special courts-martial, any accused has the right to; military counsel of his/her selection at government expense if available. Civilian counsel of his choosing, allotted military counsel at the Government expense. Article 38(b), 10 U.S.C. Â § 838(b). For multiple defendant cases, discrete counsel is appointed for each defendant to avoid any problem of conflicts of interest. Article 38(b)(4), 10 U.S.C. Â § 838(b)(4). For the accused who decides to choose a civilian counsel he/she is also entitled to appointed military associate counsel. Article 38(b)(4), 10 U.S.C. Â § 838(b)(4). The right to counsel does not only apply at trial, but also at pretrial investigations. This may also take place during depositions, and upon the appeal. Under article 70, the practice of appointing new counsel during appeal insures a renewed look at trial errors and competency of trial defense counsel. An appointed counsel must also meet the following competency; the counsel must be of typical competency in identifying legal

Comparitive Argumentive essay on the primary text of the Canadian

Comparitive Argumentive on the primary text of the Canadian Dream - Essay Example There is a great Canadian dream that is related to the aspect of immigration. Both of these texts are involved with this dream though in different ways. It is this aspect that brings about the main difference between the texts. In both texts, there are immigrants who gain entry into the Canadian land. Each of them is astonished and overwhelmed by what they see and encounter. In this sense, they are both driven by the Canadian dream to afford the lives of the inhabitants hence make their future in the new land better. They also have similar experiences. However, they handle these experiences in different ways hence accomplishing the Canadian dream in completely varied ways. Thus, while others are able to realize this dream fully, there are others who are not able to do so based on the different ways that they work towards it and against the oppression that they face as they try to adapt into the new ways. The Canadian dream was created for those who were moving from Canada to other new places. It made use of the term ethnic, which was used to refer to all those individuals who have become immigrants but are not members of the founding cultures in Canada. They include those who are not the catholic French or the protestant Anglo-Celtic. In addition, the term ethic was also used to involve all those aboriginal inhabitants of Canada, the native Indians as well as the Inuits, who have always kept their distance and alienated themselves from the Canadian society. The main aim was to bring about personal development and prosperity for the individuals. It was clear that any immigrant from Canada to other areas would feel pressured to adapt to most of the new ways that they experienced in the new areas. However, despite their ability to learn new ways, it was advisable that they do not get fully assimilated in the new ways but also try as much as possible to hold on to their previous ways an d not forget

Employment relationship Essay Example for Free

Employment relationship Essay Unitarism is a process assumes that everyone in an organization is a member of a team with a common purpose representing the goals and policies of a company. The Unitarism has a univocal concept for every individual associated with the company right from managers to lower-level employees, should share the same objectives and work together for a common gain. The various staff levels involved in the company from the unions, the relationship managers and the top line management was actively leveraged for an equal representation through all levels. The groups were accepted only as a part of the reflecting loyalty. The managers were the two way communicators between the workers to the management. The management or the ownership was not allowed to force the loyalty factors. The free market orientation introduced by Margaret Thatcher has elevated the roles of the three levels of the employee relationship. The team representation of various levels have had shifted to more personal attention. The equal employee group representation in a company gradually diminished with management focusing on the individual excellence. The relationship manager who acted as a mediator lost his significance with new profile evolved at the same level of designation. Initially in the early 80’s the personal management scenario was not well defined and without any confined objectives. The personal management system has lot of unanswered concerns like tuning up of the individual performance management concerns with their respective team performance levels. The personal management was general and it was not customized according to the functional and industry specifications to make the personal management more effective. The main concern of Unitarism is, the organization is more inclined towards the organization goals and objectives and may not concentrate on the personal career aspects. The employee may not find it comfortable to tune up the organization goals with his personal individual goals. Pluralism: The pluralism provides freedom to tune up the individuals career goals with the organizational goals. The organization values the employees feedback and encourages the employees to be a part of the decision making process. Every level of the employees has the right to sound his voice in the organization. The employees were thus made responsible to the organization’s performance and profitability. The managers have to play a versatile role in motivating and teaming up the employees. The decision making process can be complex as different brains focus on the concerns and there would be possibility of not arriving at concrete decision The influence of the unions, governing bodies will be more on the management. The influence can swing in both the extremes resulting in the profitability or decisions in favor of a particular sector. Marxism: The Marxism refers the labourers’ welfare and representing their concerns. The low level working class is the prime resource and the Marxism exerts more pressure on upliftment of the working class. The working class was prime resource of production which uses the resources for the prosperity of the organization. The Marxist theories strongly condemn the gap between the operating cost incurred and the profits incurred on the products. The dominance of the top level management and ownership is not accepted. The ownership making considerable profits is not accepted are forced to carry the gains for the benefits of the working class. The modern development has decreased the involvement of the manual labour with the advent of machinery to push the productivity index to a considerable extent. The employee job responsibilities were handled by the machines with the artificial intelligence which in turn does not enhance the skill sets of the working class. The employees at some point of time may perceive the same job profile as monotonous and may loose the expertise. The ownership may start ignoring the skills sets of the workers which in turn lead to termination of labourers. The capitalist dominance was widely disregarded in the later half of the 19th century and many experts has drawn various implications on reformatting the Marxist principles to suite the modern challenges. Among them include Rubery, Braveman, Littler and Paul Edwards, who presented various directions of the labor and employee relations. The main implications drawn by these experts revolve around enhancing the employee relations by activily considering processes like: By Elevating the conflicting raising issues and initiating extra circular efforts like incentives, games and recreation that sooth the workers pressure(Burawoy). The Burawoy definition was vital part of the human resource management in many companies in the today to make the employee feel that the company cares the resources in may other ways. †¢ Bridging the gap between the ownership control and the workers resistance for a mutual profitable accord †¢ A more robust job design keeping on view of the employee growth accepts with equal representation of the control leading to a satisfactory employee relationship(Littler). The management has to tune up the workers with abilities required for the productions(Rubery). The experts have had strongly disregarded the employee coherent methodology with asserting more on mutually acceptable strategies for sustainable business and economic growth. The contemporary organization were now-a-days more proactive in providing the employees with more freedom and flexibility to retain them. The compensatory systems were broadened with more virtual incentives along with salaries wooing the employees to stick to the organizations.

Alzheimers Disease :: Alzheimers Disease Essays

Alzheimer's Disease Introduction to Alzheimer's Alzheimer's disease is a progressive degenerative disease of the brain. It is first described by the German neuropathologist Alois Alzheimer (1864-1915) in 1905. This disease worsens with advancing age, although there is no evidence that it is cause by the aging process.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The average life expectancy of a person with the disease is between five and ten years, but some patients today can live up to 15 years due to improvements in care and medical treatments. The cause of Alzheimer's has not been discovered yet and it cannot be possible to confirm a person has Alzheimer's until their autopsy following death. How does Alzheimer's develop What causes Alzheimer's? Well no one know exactly the development of this debilitating disease. But recent advances has produced several clues as to how it is born. Initially when we study the brain of a Alzheimer's victim, we focus on two specific areas. One is the cortex of the frontal and cerebral lobes1. The second is the hippocampus (meaning seahorses in Greek which it resembles2) which is located below the cerebral cortex and responsible for short-term memory. If we study samples of these two section, we would find three irregularities which are not found in normal brain matter. These three are called neurofibrillary tangles, neuritic plagues and granulovacuolar degeneration3.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A nerve cell has numerous axons and dendrites coming out of it. A neurofibrillary tangle is when the neuron changes. A number of dendrites are missing and the nucleus is filled with protein filaments resembling steel wool. Although all elderly people has a few of these helix shaped bundles in their brain for they are normal indicators of aging, Alzheimer's patients has more than usual. Their presence usually in the frontal and temporal lobes is a indication of AD.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Senile neuritic plagues are small round objects. They are masses of amyloid protein material composed of residue left over from healthy nerve endings that were broken off and decayed. Their presence near the cell further indicates something gone wrong. Neuritic plaques is the best evidence for diagnostics to make the determination of AD.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A third sign of neuron deterioration is granulovacuolar degeneration. This is when fluid-filled vacuoles are seen crowding inside the nerve cell, specifically in the triangular shaped cells of the hippocampus. This condition can only be observed in carefully sliced, stain and analyzed brain tissue.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The cell having lost all it's dendrites and nucleus soon disintegrates entirely, vanishing into the body's waste disposal system. With the depletion of enough nerve material the brain actually shrinks, sometimes by as much as ten percent5. The more cells the AD sufferer loses, the more mental functions he

Chiquita Banana Overview Essay

Chiquita Brands International, Inc. is one of the most important international marketers and distributors of food products derived from bananas, as well as other fruits and healthy snack products. Chiquita Banana revenues for about $3 billion dollars a year and employs more than 21,000 people and operates in about 70 countries worldwide. Chiquita Banana  together with Dole, Del Monte and Fyffes control about 80% of the global banana market. In 1993 the EU created the Common Organization of the Market in Bananas (COMB) to deal with the harsh competition between these companies. They would allow duty free access to the EU but subject to quotas to bananas from the Africa’s, Caribbean and Pacific, while bananas from Latin America were subject to an import tax of 176 Euros per ton and a quota of 2533 t. As an American company we have decided to take advantage of the new treaty restricting Latin American and ACP countries from exporting bananas to the EU. It will not be an easy ta sk because we still have to compete against European banana producers, but we are an established company and we are determined to benefit from this event and gain market share in the European Union. PESTEL analysis for the European Union POLITICAL: †¢The European Union is composed of 28 member states. †¢The EU has created a single market by standardizing laws within the member states. †¢Some of the objectives of creating this union is to create a better flow on the circulation of goods, capital, people and services within the union. Once a good or service is accepted within the union it is protected from customs, taxes and import quotas as long as they remain within the union. †¢Free movement of capital is intended to allow investment of properties between countries, something that could help banana growers since they can look for more fertile land in neighboring countries. †¢The monetary policy is the Eurozone and is governed by the European Central Bank. ECONOMIC: †¢The European Union’s GDP is ranked as number one in the world accounting for $16.58 trillion dollars. †¢Export goods account for $1.687 trillion, some of the main export partners of the European union are: oUS 17.3% China 8.5% Switzerland 7.9% Russia 7.3% Turkey 4.5 % †¢Food, drinks and tobacco account for 5.9% †¢Import of goods account for $2.302 trillion dollars and the main import partners are: China 16.2% Russia 11.9% US 11.5% Switzerland 5.8% Norway 5.6% †¢Food, drinks and tobacco account for 5.2% of import goods. †¢The service sector is the most important one in the EU making up 69% of the GDP followed by the manufacturing industry with 28.4% GDP and agriculture for only 2.3% of GDP †¢The agricultural sector is supported by subsidies from the EU and currently represents 40-50% of the EU’s total spending. SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS: †¢There is limited data on European children’s fruit intake, but the data shows that the average fruit intake is about 141 g per day. Fruit intake is highest in Austria and Portugal and is the lowest in Iceland and Spain. †¢Girls and women consume more fruits and vegetables and boys and men do, there is no simple explanation to this but it’s believed to be because women in general are more concerned about their weight and keeping a slim fit figure. †¢Children tend to eat less fruit as they age, but it’s the exact opposite with adults. Intake levels increase with age, possibly because income and knowledge increases and one becomes more aware of the benefits of good eating habits. †¢Men once they are married have an increase in fruit intake. Women seem to have an impact on their husband’s fruit intake as well as the variety of fruits eaten. Women tend to handle ‘health-related’ issues more commonly than men so they tend to buy and cook more food than men. †¢Children’s fruit intake levels directly correlate with how much their parents consume. But pressure to eat fruit does not positively affect children’s intake, but it is enhanced when parents are good role-models and encourage them to eat fruits and vegetables. †¢People with self-efficacy tendencies have a higher fruit intake in adults, also people with a high self-esteem tend to eat more fruits and vegetables because they take their health into account. TECHNOLOGICAL: †¢The EU is funding a project for pesticide free fruits and vegetables by removing the threat of fruit flies. Helping farmers meet customers’ demands for safe fruits while being environmentally conscious. oThe project pretend to use an insect attractant to draw insects and pathogens such as: infectious micro-organisms, virus, fungus that cause diseases in fungus. oThis attractant will be applied in the form of an insect trap near plantations to take bugs away from plantations, this will be a long-lasting and biodegradable baiting station. †¢Europe is becoming more conscious about maintaining a cleaner environment, the EU is committed to providing a better future for the next generations. So they specialize on clean energy, from turbines in Germany to solar panels in Spain, and countries across the EU are using natural resources of sustainable energy bringing investment to businesses and citizens. LEGAL: †¢With the birth of the Single European Market in 1993 the Common Market Organization for Bananas was put into effect (COMB). COMB is concerned on the importation, sale and distribution of bananas. †¢A policy was set in motion allowing EU suppliers to export duty free bananas to all EU states. Also quotas were set for African, Caribbean and Pacific countries (ACP) imposing import licenses for a fixed rate of volume of bananas, and limited imports through excessively high tariffs. oA quota of 857,000 tons for duty free access from ACP countries †¢Three types of licenses were issued in order to regulate this quota to ACP countries †¢Third countries that were not considered in the quota are subject to a tariff of Ecu 850 per ton. †¢In order to prevent any loss of income by EU banana producers a compensation of payments for 850,000 tons were granted in case the prices fell below the production costs. ENVIRONMENTAL: †¢Flat-free water chargers are common in some countries in Europe. This does not encourage efficient behavior to households and agriculture according to a report from the European Environment Agency (EEA). †¢The EEA is considering water pricing in the following countries: Croatia, England and wales, France, Germany, Netherlands, Scotland, Serbia, Slovenia and Spain. †¢In most countries, farmers are allowed to use as much water as they want  for a flat rate. By charging the amount of water used in Europe it prognosticated to cut down on water used by agriculture for about 10 – 20 %. This will push farmers to not only cut down on their water consumption but to invest on better irrigation system as well as fixing water leaks. †¢The general population in the European Union seem to support this motion to cut down water overuse, about 84% of the population agree with this principle. Marketing Mix In order to better penetrate the European market we have to better understand our own products, so a marketing mix was created to see what we can offer to the market and this will help us to better oversee our operations in the European market. PRODUCT: Chiquita banana takes pride in their first class bananas. But banana consumption vary from country to country so they have other products to fulfill the change in each countries demand. They always keep in mind the environment and consumer’s health, so they have products that meet these two qualifications, products such as: readymade salads, fruit snacks. An independent survey was conducted about people’s preferences and attitudes about bananas, and the poll indicated that the taste of Chiquita bananas was better than competing brands and people preferred it 2 to 1 to the leading brand. The bananas by Chiquita banana are 100% organic approved and certified by the USDA which means that they adhere to the requirements and meet the organic standards of growing bananas. PRICE: These are the prices for bananas per metric ton for the last few months. Bananas prices vary depending on the location where they are being sold. In France the average price for a kg is about $2.00 dollars. In Spain is about $1.00 per kg. But these prices tend to fluctuate with the seasons as well, and some variables take place to why this happens. One of the reasons is that bananas grow in tropical areas so they need hot weather to grow, but it’s harder to maintain them fresh during summer. PLACE: Chiquita banana sells its products internationally to about 70 countries worldwide. The majority of the products grown come from South America and the Caribbean which are then sent to distribution centers. Europe is the largest consumer and importer of bananas in the world, so this would be the best place for the largest banana producer in the world to invest and tap into this gold mine. In the year 2011 people living in the European Union consumed an estimate of 5 million tons of bananas and about 4.6 million tons were imported. Europe would be the best market to try to penetrate and take market share from. Sweden, UK, Denmark, Finland and Portugal are the main consumers of bananas in Europe (see Appendix A). These are the countries within the EU for Chiquita banana to penetrate first. PROMOTION: The way that Chiquita banana promotes their product is very innovative. They have sticker contests and they encourage people to send drawings for possible logos for their stickers. But their latest promotion is endorsing the charismatic minion characters from the movie Despicable Me, they have even worked on an app game available for apple and droid. The point of this game is to run and get as many bananas as possible without running into any obstacles. There is no record for the increase in sales of Chiquita bananas yet because the game is recent, but it’s safe to say that this gamification strategy will work well for the company. Also, as a part of their promotion they attend school lunches, celebrate major anniversaries and sponsor Olympics. They use the slogan â€Å"quite possibly, The World’s Perfect Food† SWOT Analysis STRENGTHS: †¢Chiquita Banana is number one in the fruit market in the world and sells its products to more than 70 countries worldwide. †¢The company had a $3 billion dollar revenue last year. †¢Its net income is about $405 million dollars. †¢The company is committed to being socially responsible A decade ago they implemented social accountability 8000 which has helped improve their practices to better serve the community. â€Å"SA 8000 provides standards based on national laws, international human rights norms and the conventions of the International Labor Organization. Management system  requirements ensure that these standards are consistently implemented over time, and independent audits and certification help measure progress and identify areas for improvement.† WEAKNESSES: †¢The company has not been able to reach out to consumers in Europe, they had a $2 million profit during the last quarter, better compared to the previews year where there was an $11 million loss. †¢Sales fell 2% from $793 million to $774 million in one year. †¢There was an 18 an article was published of ‘Chiquita secrets revealed’ by the enquirer, where the company had been accused of mistreating workers in Central America, polluting the environment and allowing cocaine to be brought to the US in its ships. OPPORTUNITIES: †¢With the new regulations from 1993 the European market has opened for banana companies that do not belong to the ACP countries and Latin America. †¢Our opportunities go hand in hand with the highest consumers of bananas in the EU. According to appendix A, they are: oSweden UK Denmark Finland Portugal †¢These are the first countries that we must try to focus our internationalization efforts into, since they are the highest consumers of our product. †¢Even with the new regulations by COMB Chiquita banana has no real competition from European banana growers, European countries are not optimal for banana growth. Chiquita banana can bring larger quantities at competing prices. THREATS: †¢Some of the threats come from competing companies like: Dole, Del Monte and Fyffes. †¢The analysis of this figure shows Chiquita’s market share shrinking from 1966 to 1995 and then remaining constant at 25% market share. †¢We can also observe that for the year 2007 Dole Company had a bigger market share than Chiquita. †¢Chiquita has to be attentive of the existing competing brands but also the new incoming brands that are stealing market share from the company. Internationalization Strategy and Viability As already stated before, the European Market is the biggest consumer and importer of bananas. Which is why we are interested in creating an internationalization strategy in order to visualize which cities in the European market target more specifically. There is a map in appendix A portraying the European Countries and an estimate of banana consumption, we can see that the northern countries together with Portugal enjoy eating bananas the most. Then we can see a ranking list with the countries that consume the most bananas in Europe, with Sweden being on top of the list. Chiquita banana Co. gets their product from the countries with a yellow dot. Since these are countries that have hot and humid temperature, adequate for banana growth. This map shows us that that in order for the bananas to be shipped from this countries to the EU they have to be shipped in a boat that has to travel the Atlantic for about 6,000 miles. These bananas are stored and refrigerated. This crossing of the A tlantic takes an average of 5 days and the bananas are refrigerated to a temperature between 13.5 and 15 C stalling ripening. Even though flavor and consistency remain virtually intact, this voyage shortens the shelf life to be 7-10 days. Portugal would be a strategic point for the company’s internationalization strategy. A logistics platform could be set up in Porto, a northern city in Portugal, this way we can kill two birds with one rock. We re-fuel the ships and get them ready for their journey to Sweden (our top priority in terms of distribution) and unload some containers to distribute Portugal’s banana demand. Aside from Portugal the countries with the highest consumption of bananas per capita is in Northern Europe, so another logistic platform would be convenient as a final stop before the final destination in each country. Le Havre, France would be a convenient location since it is south of the UK and it is cheaper to have a distribution center there because the euro is not as strong as the sterling pound. Once we have our logistics platform set up in Le Havre we can make accommodatio ns and agreements with companies and retailers that handle fruits and vegetables belonging to the countries that have the highest banana consumption. We would deliver to the following  terminal or ports: †¢Gothenburg, Sweden †¢Brighton, UK †¢Skagen, Denmark †¢Finland is a little more inaccessible through the Baltic Sea, so we would ship Finland’s required bananas to Gothenburg, Sweden as well. From Sweden we could work another logistic route to get to Finland by truck. †¢Porto, Portugal †¢Le Havre, France CHANCE: Iceland is Europe’s top producer of bananas with their world of the art greenhouse installations, even though they rely on their technology they have to constantly monitor their products and create the proper environment for the bananas. This is where Chiquita banana has an opportunity since they don’t have to worry about creating the right conditions for banana growth, the company looks for a convenient location for banana growth and plants the fruit. This enables the company to worry solely on cropping and shipping. Another advantage that the company has over the biggest European banana producer is that, Chiquita banana can acquire bananas in massive quantities while Iceland’s producers have to create the environment to grow more bananas. This is unless the COMB sets a tighter quota. Incoterm An incoterm is a made up word composed of three words. ‘in’ means international, ‘co’ commerce and ‘term’ means term. Incoterms are used to describe the type of relationship between buyer and supplier and they type of contract they use to deliver and receive a product. POSSIBLE INCOTERMS FOR THE COMPANY As a seller the most optimal incoterm for the company would be to agree with the buyer of working with ‘Ex Works’ since the buyer would have to assume the transportation costs and the risks of brining the goods to their stores. I believe this to be very one sided and not efficient, since in order to maximize profits a business deal has to be long-term. Sooner or later one of  the competing brands could offer our buyers a better agreement and we would be out of business, so I would call this a ‘lose-lose situation’. Another option would be the exact opposite from ‘Ex works’ where the seller mantains most of the obligations and expenses while there is minimum for the buyere. This would be a DDP, here the â€Å"seller is responsible for delivering the goods to the named place in the country of the buyer, and pas all costs in bringing the goods to the destination including import duties and taxes. Seller is not responsible for unloading.† t his is also very one sided. My belief is that if we are going to have a long lasting relationship with our business partner we have to compromise, and here we would be taking all most of the bourden of the business deal. Solution As already stated before, in order to create a long lasting relationship with our business partners and maximize profits we have to compromize. Chiquita Banana is trying to gain marketshare in Europe, so the best thing we can do with our business partners is to share the transportation burden and costs. Deliverd at Terminal (DAT) incoterm would be the best viable solution for Chiquita and our buyers. We can promise to deliver the product fresh, safe and sound to the following city ports: Gothenburg, Brighton, Skagen, Porto and Le Havre. We can accept all costs and risks (except for import clearance costs) and from each terminal they can send the bananas to their respective distribution centers or directly to the retailers. That is up to our business partners to decide. It is safe to say that we are taking most of the costs, since it is expensive to cross the atlantic with ships and maintain the fruit at a certain temperature to keep it fresh. But in order to have our buyers support, we have to go the extra mile. This strategy at the same time will speed up the process of internationalization and market share gain for Chiquita Banana. Works Cited â€Å"European Union.† Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 20 Oct. 2013. Web. 20 Oct. 2013 â€Å"Economy of the European Union.† Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 18 Oct. 2013. Web. 20 Oct. 2013 â€Å"Economy of the European Union.† Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 18 Oct. 2013. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. â€Å"Intelligent Approaches to Achieving Pesticide-free Produce.† N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. â€Å"CHAPTER 3 BANANA IMPORTING COUNTRIES AND TRADE POLICIES.† The World Banana Economy, 1985-2002. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. â€Å"Water: Charging Full Cost Can Encourage More Efficient Use.† —. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. â€Å"Chiquita.com – Chiquita Organic Bananas: Organic Food.† Chiquita.com – Chiquita Organic Bananas: Organic Food. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. â€Å"Europe Largest Banana Importer Worldwide.† Europe Largest Banana Importer Worldwide. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. â€Å"Chiquita.com – Social Responsibility Is How We Conduct Business.† Chiquita.com – Social Responsibility Is How We Conduct Business. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. â€Å"Chiquita Banana Sales Remain Weak in Europe.† Chiquita Banana Sales Remain Weak in Europe. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2013 â€Å"Chiquita Brands International.† Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 20 Oct. 2013. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. â€Å"Banana.† Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 20 Oct. 2013. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. â€Å"Martin Stott.† Iceland: Europe’s Biggest Producer of Bananas. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. â€Å"Economy of the European Union.† Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 18 Oct. 2013. Web. 20 Oct. 2013.

Creepy Craig

Creepy Craig It was almost like lying in a boiling rubber blowup pool. The air was thick and Zara couldn’t manage to fall asleep. The strange noises from across the hall filled the silence of her apartment again. Zara always felt suspicious of the man who lived there, because when she waited for the lift to go to the floor of her unit, he would stand there at least four times a week and watch her as the doors closed. The creepy thing about that was, when the lift reached the sixth floor, he would be there as she stepped out.She always thought of him as her own personal stalker. Creepy Craig. Maybe he was harmless? Who cares! Zara wanted out. The last time she got out of the lift at her own floor, Creepy Craig was standing there leering at her offering ANZAC cookies. Enough was enough. She needed to get out of his apartment now. Even Ben, her boyfriend thought the guy was a creep. He wanted to sort him out but Zara didn’t want him to do that. Right now, she wished Ben wa s at home instead of playing Rugby with the local club in Southport. She reached for her mobile phone and called him.Zara was pleased to hear that Ben was on his way home. Even better, he had already been searching and had found a nice new apartment. He wanted her to see the next day. Their new place was amazing, right on the Broadwater overlooking water which glistened like diamonds in the sunlight as the squeals of the kids with their families echoed into the distance. Having a new unit was great. Just what Zara and Ben wanted. The relief of not worrying about Creepy Craig any more made her feel relaxed for the first time in months.Sitting on the balcony with the blistering Australian twelve o’clock sun hovering above, Zara and Ben relaxed with a refreshing icy cold glass of beer. They talked about their plans for tomorrow afternoon’s family picnic at the Broadwater and how Australia Day this year was going to be amazing. Ben would make the waterslide for the kids; a unty Sue would take the name out of the hat to see who was going to cook the barbeque this year. Zara and Ben both hoped it wasn’t going to be Gazza again. Last time he cooked he burnt all the sausages and set fire to his own shirt.Zara thought he had one too many beers that day. Aside from the disaster last year, they were both getting excited. As the afternoon wore on and the heat of the sun dissipated, Zara and Ben were feeling very relaxed. Out of nowhere, loud crashes resonated as if pots and pans were being hurtled across a room. From the unit above, the crash was accompanied by a girl yelling and a man swearing. Unsettled by the noise and wondering if the girl was okay, Ben left their unit and got the elevator to the eleventh floor. He followed the sound like a detective finding clues to a murder scene.Zara waited anxiously on the balcony on the floor below, worrying about what was actually happening up there and if Ben really should have gone to investigate. Everythin g went strangely silent. An ear-piercing scream split through the air. There, in a single second, but seeming like slow motion, a beautiful young girl glided past her balcony like a feather. Zara met her eyes and in a heartbeat she felt like she saw the girl’s whole life in a flash. She was gone. Zara froze like a statue. Ben burst through the door, demanding to know what had happened as he couldn’t get anyone to open to his knocking at the unit above.Zara couldn’t get any words out. All she could manage to do was point to the balcony repeatedly. When Ben returned, he looked pale and sick. They stood looking at each other for a few seconds; they both seemed to come out of their stupor after Ben called the police. People were out on their balconies all over the building, gazing in shock at the terrible sight below. Police and ambulance sirens blared towards their building. The afternoon ended in a haze of uniforms all over the place. Because Zara and Ben’s unit was directly below where the girl fell, they had to be questioned by the police.They told their stories and signed statements. Their fantastic day had ended in tragedy. They felt quite sick as they went to bed that night. When the brightness of the morning woke Zara and Ben, they discussed whether they should cancel their plans but both really wanted to get out of the unit and be with their family and friends. So it was decided that Ben would take the esky down to the basement, pack the car, drive up to reception and pick Zara up from there. After bed Ben phoned to say he was on the way, Zara waited at the reception.She felt uneasy about being on her own but it was only a few minutes until she would be out of the building and with Ben. She shared the lift with the manager of the building, Steve. They briefly discussed the sad and frightening event of yesterday. Steve couldn’t say very much because it was still a police matter. When the lift doors opened a t the ground f loor, Zara looked up and standing in the foyer was Creepy Craig. â€Å"That’s the poor man who lost his girlfriend over the balcony yesterday. † Steve said to Zara whispering the news.

Cherished dreams essays

Cherished dreams essays Generally, insecure and passive people feel an inner turmoil coming from a lack of direction as to where they are going, what their goals are and what responses are appropriate for events in life. In addition, they are often fearful of standing up for what they believe, have difficulties in establishing long-lasting relationships and tend to be over controlled emotionally, not letting others in on their emotions. These behaviours are often seen in people who are raised in a chaotic, unpredictable or volatile environment in which they are kept off balance. However, when they finally find a direction or a goal to follow, all their insecurity and passivity is left aside. Probably, for the first time in their lives they stop feeling scared and confused and they finally stand up for what they believe. This seems to be the case of Ezra Tull, one of the main characters of Anne Tylers book Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant. Ezra experienced a difficult childhood due to an absent father and an abusive and domineering mother. As a result, he became an insecure and rather passive young man. Nevertheless, he unwaveringly pursued his dreams of owning and shaping the restaurant according to his personal style and of keeping his family together. It must be acknowledged that Ezra spent most of his life feeling insecure and in resigned acceptance of everything that happened to him. As a child, he would never try to defend himself when he was unfairly blamed for something he had not done. As an adult, he lost Ruth, the only woman he ever loved, to his brother and did absolutely nothing about it. Moreover, he had difficulties in establishing relationships with others. And he tended to be over-controlled emotionally, finding it hard to show his emotions and to open himself up to others. Certainly, it is clear that Ezras lack of confidence and zest became constant features of his personality that were expected to be seen in the ...

Language Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Civilization by Bernard Lewis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Civilization by Bernard Lewis - Essay Example Meanwhile, religion plays a crucial role in the definition of civilization. Two of the most popular religions defining civilizations are Christianity and Islam, which interestingly display some similarities while manifesting some differences from each other. In most of the languages in the world, we have two words: "Christianity" and "Christendom." The word "Christianity" would refer to the system of religion itself while "Christendom" would refer to a civilization that basically incorporates both non-Christian and anti-Christian on it. And we also have "Islam" and "Islamdom." Those civilizations are mainly bounded by religious practices that are known all throughout the world. On the other hand, those civilizations defined by region and ethnicity may include perhaps Buddhism and Communism. Buddhism, although, once known as religion, cannot be defined by religion since it was not actually successful in the proliferation in the world unlike Islam and Christianity.

Contemporary issues in market strategy Assignment

Contemporary issues in market strategy - Assignment Example It is now universally accepted that the majority of consumers spend more time online than on other media channels such as television. Information is derived from an individual consumer’s online activities that include Facebook, twitter, tumbler and many more. The information of interest to marketing personnel relates to the consumer’s tastes and preferences as well as their wishes and expectations. Marketers are also interested in consumers’ opinions and perspectives on products (BOUTELLIER, GASSMANN & ZEDTWITZ 2008, pg33). The information gathered is then used to influence the individual consumer into consumption of a â€Å"personalized† product. Modern day consumer behavior forces companies to understand the individual consumers in addition to acquiring knowledge about the consumers. That is; these companies have shifted their strategy from production of goods for the consumers to creation of consumers who then form the demand part of their sales cycle. The shift from traditional marketing has led to the emergence of innovational marketing strategies which are discussed below. Digital marketing refers to the extensive employment of electronic media such as computers and software dependent devices, smartphones, cellphones, gaming devices, personal computers and tablets in the marketing of products and services (KASHANI & HOROVITZ 2005, pg44). The internet is regarded as the most effective and popular and digital marketing tool since it statistically agrees that most people spend more time online than on any other electronic channel. Digital media marketing also occurs through channels such as text messaging, instant mobile messaging, electronic billboards, digital radios and televisions, mobile applications and podcasts. Through digital marketing, companies can understand the tastes and preferences of their consumers, therefore, creating a special type of relationship

Managing and Working in a Virtual team Case Study

Managing and Working in a Virtual team - Case Study Example gain and maintain the trust of his or her charges, they must understand that trust depends on reliability, in virtual relations because there is usually limited personal interaction between members of a team. This eliminates chances of meeting and evaluating an individual’s potential or level of reliability. The only means to achieve this is to make sure that, as a team leader, you show team members that you are a reliable person by delivering on your responsibilities in time and in a competent manner, which serves as an example to the rest of the team. This will demonstrate to the members the level of quality of work expected of them, and this makes the team members respect and trust their virtual team leader (Lepsinger & DeRosa, 2010). Team leaders should establish guidelines in communication, which account for the differences in time zones, cultural and geographical variations between members. They can also specify the type of medium to be used when communicating to help av oid incompatibility and confusion when a meeting is about to begin. When considering how to enhance communication efficiency in a virtual team, a leader can consider creating team agreements on how and when to communicate across different time zones, team leader visits to the different members which helps establish engagements and trust by meeting the team leader face to face. A leader in a globally diversified team should formalize roles and duties of each team member starting with their own because this is the only way to ensure that the members have a clearly defined direction, which removes ambiguity in the roles that each member plays (Lepsinger & DeRosa, 2010). Staff changes on a virtual team can happen at any stage in the execution of a project, and how fast and effectively a new member is recruited and integrated into the team determines the successful completion of the project (Lepsinger & DeRosa, 2010). Integrating a new member, in the team, requires that the individual be

Ethical Issues Of Computer Hacking

Ethical Issues Of Computer Hacking This report deals in classifying and recognising the ethical issues in the case of Kevin Mitnick and his computer hacking history, also the matter that the accusations and the way FBI prosecuted his case was correct or wrong. Each and every issue raised would be discussed further by using the three theories of consequence-Based, Duty-Based and Character-Based. Along with these explanations the general role of a computer professional will also be described in term of their knowledge and expertise leading to hacking. Hence this report will be divided mainly in two parts; the first part will focus on the highlights of ethical issues while the second would deal the computer professional part. A detail sketch of Kevin Mitnicks history of hacking is cited in the case scenario which is the part of the report described later. Firstly short introduction of ethics and its three theories are going to be discussed which will lead a way easy to understand and fair well to implement it on the Kevin Mitnick case. ETHICS: Ethics has been described in many different ways by different people over the man history including some great Greek philosophers such as Socrates, Aristotle and many more. Greeks typically defined ethics as the study of what was good for the infidel and the society. The simplest way to explain ethics is to differ and reflect a human character in the terms of good or bad, right or wrong, fair or unfair, also responsible or irresponsible. On conclusion it will lead a human being moral character to be in good conduct. Ethics can also be referred as to what humans are supposed to do when they have to follow the prescribed standards of rights and wrongs, which normally would lead him in terms of rights, his benefits to the society he lives, his obligations and so on. Also ethics can be referred as studying of moral character of human being and developing it to an ethical standard. [1] Ethics begins when elements within a moral system conflict. [1] Ethics survives in many forms in branches, eras, traditions, literature etc. All of them follow the root hub of ethics but the form of ethics which is described and followed in this case study is called Cyberethics. Cyberethics: To understand the meaning of Cyberethics a good knowledge of Cybertechnology is essential. Modern eras devices which are used in cyberspace such as handheld devices, personal computers, mainframes, networks and the most important the internet can be termed as a part of Cybertechnology. Cybertechnology in terms refers to a broad spectrum of technologies that ranges from standalone computers to the clustered of networked computing, information and communication technologies. [2] Various definitions of Cyberethics are there which are mostly dealing with ethical issues with certain types of online activities like pornography, gambling. It can be signified as certain laws which are not monitored by the judicial or law governing bodies but for an individual himself going beyond his moral values which would be something different from cyber law. Cyberethics can be defined as the field of applied ethics that examines moral, legal and social issues in the development and use of Cybertechnology [2] Ethical Theories As this report has to follow certain type of ethical theories in order to identify the ethical issues a short description of each ethical theories are as below. Consequence-Based As by its name, consequence based theories responsible for producing the most desirable outcomes. The ultimate standards for consequence of actions against which the moral decisions evaluates is highlighted in this theory. The goodness or right identified by consequence would be something considered as Consequence-Based ethical theory which responsibly gives outcomes for someone, but who should be benefitted from this outcome? This argument has mostly been provided by different utilitarian thinkers such as Jeremy Bentham, Henry Sedgwick and John Stuart Mill. The argument provided by these thinkers follows the theory that an act of some individual or a whole social policy would be acceptable if it will provide benefits for majority of individuals which result in the effection with the given policy or from the provided act by specific individual. Jeremy Bentham states that People are driven by their interests and their fears, but their interests take precedence over their fears, and their interests are carried out in accordance with how people view the consequences that might be involved with their interests. [3] Consequence-based ethics mainly describes that whatever happens the final results should be in benefitted to large number of population rather than that of a certain minority. Moreover it should provide happiness to everyone rather than just a single individual. Duty-Based Duty based ethical theory gives perception of Deontology which is derived from the Greek word Deon means Duty. Deontology is the approach which defines goodness and right that would be achieved by studying the act of an individual or social policy rather than the consequence it leads too. Immanuel Kant is considered to be a great Deontological thinker who always criticized Utilitarian thinkers describing that morality must be defined as the duty of an individual to one another despite consequence produced normally when a certain individual performs a specific type of action. He further said that happiness is not something which should be concerned in term of morality, the motives and goals of a human being are the qualities which make him able to choose right and wrong rather than consequences. W.D Ross a deontological thinker states: Utilitarianism seems to simplify unduly our relations to our fellows. It says, in effect, that the only morally significant relation in whom my neighbours stand to me is that of being possible beneficiaries of my action. They do stand in this relation to me, and this relation is morally significant. But they may also stand to me in the relation of promise to promisor, of creditor to debtor, of wife to husband, of fellow countryman to fellow countryman, and the like; and each of these relations is the foundation of aduty'[4] So in short a Duty-Based approach gives a clear conclusion that morality of a human being would be carried out by the acts he performs able enough to justify being right or wrong. Honesty, Justice, Violence etc. should be the characteristics for which he will be regarded his moral duty rather than getting happy by telling a lie. Character-Based Character Based theory is something different which rejects the first two theories which were focusing on consequence and an act, despite this theory focuses on an individual character and is widely known as Virtue Ethics. The main concerns are the individuals moral character which does not rely on duties and consequences. It has very old history rages back to some great Greek philosophers like Aristotle and Plato who contended that each person has to obtain a right virtue as everyone will have a certain virtue in him which will be his strength and excellences leading toward good and bad moral character. Virtue ethics is also considered to be an agent oriented rather than the first two which are action oriented and rule oriented. It is only by mean of the idea of Virtue than any judgment done for a moral worth or its if its opposite possible, everything which are good and are not based on morally good disposition is simply nothing but pretence and glittering misery. [5] Background Our case study is about a person named Kevin Mitnick who is considered to be the first hacker in computer world to reach the FBI most wanted list. His arrest was taken place on 15 Feb 1995 by FBI in which he was accused of number of acts which included breaking into computer systems and networks all over the world and altering information which put damage to the company by investing more into new security measures and also for the charge of violations of his terms and conditions of his period of probation for his previous computer crimes. Mitnick was caught by the help of a Japanese computer security expert Tsutomu Shimomura whose system was hacked by Kevin Mitnick in San Diego Supercomputer centre which made him furious to track and help FBI. This was Mitnicks school days when for the first time he got fascinated with computers and start hacking. He was having strong passion of technology which made him learn quickly and he shortly managed to Hack LA public school districts computer. When Mitnick was just 17 he hacked into Pacific Bell and altered phone bills there, and in the same year he jumped into San Francisco Companys network where he got access to some information valued of $200,000. But he was caught and prosecuted which earned him a probation period of 6 months. He didnt sit idle in probation period and hacked into the telephone company again and disconnected the probation officers phone and accessed a credit service computer and altered the computerised record of the judge on his case. Interestingly police caught the fact that the system has been accessed from outside. During this time he also convicted of stealing software from a company in Santa Cruz, California. NORAD, a missiles monitoring company in states, was his next victim, which could have catastrophic effects as NORAD is a part of an early warning system and responsible for monitoring possible missile attacks directed toward United States. In 1988 he was accused of two more crimes, firstly accessing MCI network for long distance calls and secondly stealing some computer security system from a Digital Equipment Corporation causing a damage of $4 million in total. This time the judge decided to put Mitnick in jail without bail. During his bail attempts prosecutor presented evidence that he had penetrating a national security agency in Washington. He also planted a false story about a bank describing some heavy loss and where he was about to get job, the story was detected and Mitnick was accused responsible and denied for job. This was March 15 1989 when Mitnick pleaded guilty for the two crimes and sent to jail for one year with six months of psychological counselling and also with three years of probation. In 1992 FBI suspect Mitnick of hacking into Pacific Bell system again, his work place as searched, he disappeared and evidences were found later. While searches were carrying on for Pacific Bell more evidences were found that Mitnick hacked California Driver Licence records to set up a false identity for himself and also posed as a police officer to collect some information. Warrant of arrest was issued against him but each time he managed successfully to flee from police raid. Finally found and arrested in 1995 and was charged with various new crimes and violations of his parole. His bail was denied and it was ensured that no more computer equipment is handed to him in jail. His phone calls were closely monitored and in 1997 Mitnick was sentenced for 22 months after pleaded guilty. This sentence was followed by 3 years of probation period in which he was ordered to stay away from any Hi-Tech equipment. He was released in January 2000 and his probation was ended in January 2003. [6][7][8] Ethical issues: There are number of Ethical issues in the given case study, their discussion in the light of above theories. * Hacking into the networks of different companies by gaining access to unauthorized files or data. Was it ethical to access private files and data or even just breaking into a computer network? By applying the consequence based approach breaking in a computer network illegally and/or gain access to private files had benefited Mitnick only nor anybody else. Utilitarism states that the majority must gain happiness on the base of consequence but in the case of Mitnick he himself only gain happiness and not the majority, so it concluded that this act is going to be wrong for Mitnick that it is not ethical for him to gain or break into someone private computer network. The duty base approach and deontology theory would easily say this was wrong. Mitnicks act can be easily considered wrong to gain access to another computer networks. The ten commandments of ethics which was defined in 1992 states that all companies would have secure file and data and would not be breached by an unauthorized outsider. Hence this was completely wrong by Mitnick to do so. If the current study case would be judged through character based ethical approach so it would be obvious that Mitnick break into computer networks for his passion of technology and for the sake of fun. His thirst of knowledge forced him to continue in breaking into computer networks and gain more knowledge which was a great fun for him. But if considered morally this is completely wrong. By virtue ethics Mitnicks adopted path was not legitimate and he should have chosen the right path. * Kevin Mitnick never done hacking for any financial purpose instead his hacking was just for the sake of challenge or sometime taking revenge from people. Was it Ethical to hack for any reason and to take challenges and getting revenge from people? If this is to be dealt by consequence based theory , the answer would be definitely NO in this case totally because of the fact that extracting revenge from someone or going to win a challenge to prove his ability was beneficial for Mitnick only and majority of people would not be happy from this outcome. Duty based approach would state again NO as seeking revenge or damaging or doing any kind of unauthorized steps of which someone is not authorize to do. Mitnick was not supposed to do as this is not something an individual should act like. Character based or Virtue ethics justify in picking good habits of ones moral character and to leave the odd ones out to be a good human being for himself. In this case Mitnick has done good for himself by causing harm to others which isnt something good for an individual character. * Mitnick got access to his school computer network system and hacked Pacific Bell for altering phone bills. Was it ethically right for him to break into a computer of his school and Pacific Bell to alter phone bills while he was only 17 years old? Consequence ethical approach would again say NO as this is something he totally done for himself. This is something he for his own benefit for his own good and not for anybody else. The alteration in the phone bills will lead to create losses for the phone company which might turn up into large number as well. Thus this was something completely wrong to do so. Duty based ethical approach in this case would again lead to conclusion of NO as there is no actor policy which allow Mitnick to break into school system or into Phone Company to alter his phone bills. Based on the outcome his act was considered to be totally wrong. In the light of Character based approach, it leads to the fact that morally Mitnick knew that it was wrong in doing so but still he preferred to adopt his bad habit, which concludes that the outcome will be again NO. * Mitnick was in his probation period when got access to telephone company and disconnect his parole officers phone, he also altered the computer record of the judge of his case in a credit service computer. Was it ethical for Kevin to do such an act? Applying consequence based approach to this case will once again lead to NO because the result of what he done was bad for his parole officer and the judge. This is a kind of act which is considered as have done for his own satisfaction, being on probation he should have avoided such strong illegal moves but he didnt. Duty based approach would not go in favour of Mitnick in this issue. His act was definitely wrong as the judge would have very bad impact of him and as well parole office too must have been unhappy. While on probation one should be very careful about law and should not go against it but Mitnick do for his own feud. Character based ethical theory never permit someones moral character to take revenge and to hurt someone , in this case according to this law it will again go for NO. Thinking of revenge and hurting someone is considered to be very bad habit and also if an act leading to something which is not taken morally good with the assurance that law is not allowing such deeds, so a good moral character will never allow someone to go against law to hunt for his own happiness. * Mitnick found guilty in stealing software from a company in Santa Cruz California but at the same time there was not any convection record FBI database. Was it ethical to steal and alter record? Consequence based theory would not tolerate stealing or altering. Stealing is something really bad which is not allowed in any circumstances and even if assumed it does it would be something advantageous to majority, but in this case as it is obvious no beneficial for majority so the answer is NO. Duty based ethical approach strongly oppose act of stealing or altering which wont be considered good , so once again in comparisons of acts the answer is again NO. Character based believes that stealing is one of the bad habits of a human being and unauthorized alteration of records is also of the same category. Mitnick was convicted of such bad deeds so the answer will be again NO this time. * Convicted of breaking into North American Air Defence Command (NORAD) missiles defence system. Was it ethical for Mitnick to break into a defence system of a country? Judging the study case through Consequence based ethical approach, it would be a high dispute because getting access to such sensitive system could have catastrophic affects on millions of people. It would be extremely dangerous if such files to be changed or harmed. So the answer for this case will be NO The duty based ethical approach would not allow any such policy or rule for someone who want to have unauthorized access to such delicate system as the outcome can be extremely dangerous. So the answer is NO. The third approach of Character based would consider it to be worse habit of one moral character in doing so as the outcome can be something very harmful to large number of people. So its a NO. * Mitnick accessed MCI network for long distance calls and in another case he caused $4 million damage to Digital Equipment Corporation. Was it ethical to illegally access MCI and cause damage of worth $4 million to a company? The Consequence theory would say NO because again the minority gets benefit which is Mitnick and the majority faces damages which is the MCI network also the Digital Cop lost lots of money which is again the majority in damage. The Duty theory will again have no support for Mitnick as the case describes the huge losses for both the companies from what the Mitnick done with them. There is no such policy or act which can allow an individual to do so in any circumstances. So the answer is simply NO. Character based theory is again on its answer with NO and the reason for that is as stated above many times that alteration of records and damaging any private and confidential files cause harm to others which is considered a bad deed or bad habit. * In 1988 Judge denied him bail and ordered him to be held in jail. Was the judge ethical in doing so? This period lasted for eight months in solitary consignment for Mitnick. Now there is an additional act which is the Judge, Consequence based ethical theory has support with this act because Mitnick was responsible for causing harm to large majority of people but there is some conflict in the case as well, as Mitnick was put in jail for 8 months without bail and at that time it was not proved that these had been done by him, so this is a bit harsh on Mitnick, so here Mitnick get some support from Consequence theory. In duty base Judge gets support which is from the reason that Mitnick had caused harm to major companies and people but still the decision was too harh for him as he deserved at least a trail. As from Character based theory here the Judge lost his support as it was a fact that Mitnick was notorious but he deserved a trail and even if the Judge though he didnt, it was a wrong decision to put him in a solitary consignment. Mitnick would have come to good way by putting him in a normal jail as it was very harsh to put him in a solitary consignment. * While FBI was doing their most to catch Mitnick, he flee from the authorities on a number of occasions for two years by using fake identities to hide himself from the authorities. Was it ethical for him to do so? Mitnick at this point again done everything for his own good and during this period he caused damage to majority with his activities, so Consequence based theory would not support him on this issue. Using fake identities and staying on run for two years is not something good but a way to misguide law, which would not be supported by Duty based. Using fake identities by damaging other people identities to keep himself safe is something taking law in his own hands. It is not a good deed so according to Character based theory the answer will a definite NO. * Shimomura helped FBI to catch Mitnick, Was it ethically right for him to do so? All the three ethical theories Consequence, Duty and Character based would support Shimomura, as ethically he is right. It is duty of everyone to help the law to catch someone who has been causing harm to the community, and it is morally right for every individual to help to catch law breakers like Kevin Mitnick. * From 1995 till 1997 Mitnick was held in federal prison without bail and trail by FBI, was it ethically right to do so? Consequence based ethical theory in this case is going to support FBI as Mitnick was harm to many Firm companies and people but the support is going through only if Mitnick was charged after trial to stay in prison. As it has been described a number of times that law is superior than anything else, so in Mitnicks case again FBI should have run the case under law and should have allowed a fair trial to convict Mitnick, which has not been done, so this time the Duty base approach is supporting Mitnick and the answer is yes as FBI were ethically wrong in doing so. Character based would not support FBI as it is out of law to keep someone in prison for 2 years without fair trail and the chance for bail. At least he deserved fair trail and if found guilty then should have faced whatever he deserved. Role of a Professional A simple definition of a professional can be done like that, anyone who hold a degree in any particular field of education and then uses that knowledge in his relative field and making sure that professionalism follows the code of ethics including the terms Behaviour, society , confidentiality etc. At the time when a professional is hired, normally a contract or a bond is created between the two to follow certain defined acts and rules of policy and to keep high level of security by keeping the data safe and to avoid by missing any kind of data of the organization. Organization which is totally related to Information Technology or having an IT department also maintain a specified policy between its engineers and themselves. In this particular case the role of a software engineer, hardware engineer or an application engineer have to follow those rules and policies but also IEEE CODE OF ETHICS which is considered to be the main source of ethics code for any IT professional should be followed by any IT professional related to any field of Information Technology and in this case being software, application and hardware engineer. [9] Use of Knowledge for Hacking by a Professional It is quite disastrous when a computer professional use his knowledge for hacking. By taking each of different IT professionals individually and considering hardware engineer first to discuss, it is coming obvious that hard ware engineer can use his knowledge both in right way or the wrong way, as hardware devices manually build are quite useful in hacking mainly portable devices which is something like which Kevin Mitnick used for hacking. A question arises here that is it right to do so? The answer is quite simple NO because its against the code of ethics which exists in many forms of Cybertechnology. Same rules and principles applied for software engineer and application engineer as software and application level technical support is quite useful to build or modify codes of program and make its own custom made to be useful for something negative, which is not appreciated in society because of it harmful nature to many. A very technical question sometime being asked, Can all this knowledge be used in positive way? Can hacking be positive? The answer to these question is YES and is something called Ethical Hacker. Ethical Hacker vs. Hacker Hacker is someone who uses his knowledge on negative side and breaks in system, while an ethical hacker is someone who is doing hacking which is called penetration testing and hacks into different systems in order to identify security holes and then inform companies with or without solutions. Such kind of work is normally being done by security firms who is licensed to do so and has authorized to do so. An individual, who is not a part of a security firm and have no pre confirmed authorization, breaking into system would be consider a crime. Ethical hacker has the duty of catching hackers as well. In our case study Tsutomu Shirmomura is an ethical hacker who used his knowledge to catch a hacker Kevin Mitnick. Time has changed now, Kevin Mitnick is no more hacker, rather he is ethical hacker now who runs his own security company and does penetration testing for various organizations by accessing their systems, but this time the access is legal, authorized and paid. Conclusion Like many other technologies Information technology has also had good and bad impacts. Hacking is considered to be a negative act in the world of Cybertechnology. Kevin Mitnick curiosity for technology made him a Hacker, first started with a fun but then turned up quite disrupting. However if the case is studied with some realistic fact, it is seem to be very unfair when FBI holding him solitary confinement for 8 months without bail and trail. It unfair for a person like Kevin Mitnick calibre as from the case study its quite obvious that he was a genius. And for sure if a genius is treated like this way he is bound to go on run. This leads to a situation that if he is suspected in the future and he has not committed that crime, he would be afraid of facing the same thing happened with him by putting him in prison without bail and trail. In a documentary movie on the life of Kevin Mitnick Freedom Downtime Life of Kevin Mitnick the reports from psychologist stated that it was an event which every individual will want to run away and then his bad part took over him of which he evaded FBI for two years. Putting Mitnick in jail for 2 years between 1995 and 1997 with not access to bail is again something wrong. A fair trail is a right of every individual when one does something wrong then why not this applied on Mitnick. There are statements from Lawyers that even murderers get bail and trail then why Mitnick didnt? Whatever Mitnick had done he deserve to be punish for that as that were totally unethical with the time but if FBI would have used the law in sincere and fair way he wouldnt end up that way and he would have only been sentenced for the time period he deserved. One of the most interesting part of American Judiciary is that Kevin Mitnick is the longest held person in history without trial or bail which can be considered as to be totally unfair for him. Mitnick has changed his life after ending his 3 years of probation in 2003, Mitnick has started a securit y consulting company and now offering a role of ethical hacker and using penetration which test to check his client security flaws and using the code of ethics quite well. Kevin Mitnick is now using his professional skills toward his clients and himself which leads to the fact that his knowledge is now being used for positive way to secure his reputation and prove to the entire world that he is a genius.